11^th World Congress on Cell Science, Stem Cell Research & Regenerative Medicine December 07-08, 2018 Chicago, Illinois, USA

Gene therapy is defined as a set of strategies that modify the expression of an individual’s genes or repair abnormal genes. Each strategy involves the administration of a specific nucleic acid (DNA or RNA). Nucleic acids are normally not taken up by cells, thus special carriers; so-called 'vectors' are required. Vectors can be of either viral or non-viral nature whereas Cell therapy is defined as the administration of living whole cells into the patient for the treatment of a disease. The origin of the cells can be from the same individual (autologous source) or from another individual (allogeneic source). Cells can be derived from stem cells, such as bone marrow or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), reprogrammed from skin fibroblasts or adipocytes. Stem cells are applied in the context of bone marrow transplantation directly. Other strategies involve the application of more or less mature cells, differentiated in vitro (in a dish) from stem cells.

An undifferentiated mass of cell in a multicellular organism which is capable of giving rise to indefinite number of cells of the same type, and from which certain other kinds of cell arise by differentiation. Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into specific cell types. The two defining characteristics of a stem cell are perpetual self-renewal and the ability to differentiate into a specialized adult cell type. There are two major classes of stem cells: pluripotent that can become any cell in the adult body, and multipotent that is restricted to becoming a more limited population of cells.

Regenerative Medicine refers to a group of biomedical approaches to research and clinical applications which are aimed at replacing or "regenerating" human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal functions which were disrupted due to diseases. The field of Regenerative medicine has attracted much attention as it holds the promise of regenerating damaged tissues and organs in the body by replacing damaged tissue or by stimulating the body's own repair mechanisms to heal damaged tissues or organs. It also may enable scientists to grow tissues and organs in the laboratory and safely implant them within the body. Regenerative solutions thus can be a revolutionary step in the field of healthcare.

Tissue engineering is widely used in the biomedical sector for regeneration and repair of diseased or trauma tissues. Tissue engineering addresses tissue and organ failure by implanting natural, synthetic, or semisynthetic tissue and organ mimics that are fully functional from the start or that grow into the required functionality. The field initially focused on skin equivalents for treating burns, but an increasing number of tissue types are now being engineered, as well as biomaterials and scaffolds are being used as delivery systems successfully. A variety of approaches are used to coax differentiated or undifferentiated cells, such as stem cells, into the desired cell type.

There are many applications of Tissue engineering but majorly they are used in Organ Transplantation and Therapeutic Cloning like Bio Artificial liver device, artificial pancreas, artificial bladders, and Cartilage. When there is damage in our body cells or organs we use tissue engineering techniques to overcome the damage by replacing the old cell. There is wide range of Tissue Engineered product or materials which are used to cure diseases in human and save life.

3D bioprinting refers to the process of creating cell patterns in a confined space using 3D printing technologies, where cell function and viability are preserved within the printed construct.

Immunotherapy is treatment that uses your body's own immune system to help fight cancer.

Translational medicine is a rapidly growing discipline in biomedical research and aims to expedite the invention of latest diagnostic tools and treatments by using a multi-disciplinary, very collaborative; "bench-to-bedside" approach. Within public health, translational medicine is concentrated on ensuring that established strategies for disease treatment and prevention are actually implemented within the community. Therefore, Translational Medicine is outlined as an interdisciplinary branch of the biomedical field supported by three main pillars that are bench side, bedside, and community.

Biomaterials are being employed for the health care applications from ancient times. However subsequent evolution has made them a lot versatile and has multiplied their utility. Biomaterials have revolutionized areas like bioengineering, tissue engineering and Regenerative Medicine for the development of novel methods to combat life-threatening diseases. Alongside biomaterials, stem cell technology is additionally getting used to enhance the present aid facilities.

The regulation of stem cell research is an issue that has drawn much comment, criticism and even judicial arbitration in recent years.

Carefully planned and ethically approved clinical trials resulting from a robust preclinical pathway are necessary to advance the field. This will require a programmatic approach that involves partnerships of clinicians, academics, industry, and regulatory authorities with a focus on understanding basic biology that informs a tight linkage between preclinical and clinical studies. Rather than suggesting that clinical trials are premature, such trials should be encouraged as part of multidisciplinary programs in regenerative medicine.