Cell Science and Molecular Biology

CRISPR and Genome Editing Technologies

CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and genome editing technologies have revolutionized the field of molecular biology by providing precise tools for modifying genetic material. Originally discovered as part of the bacterial immune system, CRISPR has been adapted into a powerful tool for editing genomes in various organisms, including humans. This technology has numerous applications in basic research, biotechnology, and medicine. Consists of CRISPR arrays and Cas proteins (e.g., Cas9, Cas12a). Allows for targeted editing of specific DNA sequences. The process of making precise changes to the DNA of a cell or organism. Besides CRISPR-Cas, other genome editing tools include TALENs (Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases) and ZFNs (Zinc Finger Nucleases). Directs the Cas9 enzyme to the target DNA sequence. Cas9 creates a double-strand break (DSB) at the target site. Corrects mutations responsible for genetic diseases. Disrupts oncogenes or enhances tumor suppressor genes. Modifies stem cells for transplantation and tissue regeneration.Generates animal organs with human-compatible tissues. Developing more precise genome editing tools to minimize off-target effects. Advancing CRISPR-based therapies for a wide range of genetic disorders.